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Computing with formulas

Hans Petter Langtangen [1, 2]

[1] Center for Biomedical Computing, Simula Research Laboratory
[2] Department of Informatics, University of Oslo

Jun 14, 2016


Table of contents

The first programming encounter: a formula
      Using a program as a calculator
      About programs and programming
      Tools for writing programs
      Writing and running your first Python program
      Warning about typing program text
      Verifying the result
      Using variables
      Names of variables
      Reserved words in Python
      Comments
      Formatting text and numbers
Computer science glossary
Another formula: Celsius-Fahrenheit conversion
      Potential error: integer division
      Objects in Python
      Avoiding integer division
      Arithmetic operators and precedence
Evaluating standard mathematical functions
      Example: Using the square root function
      Example: Computing with \( \sinh x \)
      A first glimpse of rounding errors
Interactive computing
      Using the Python shell
      Type conversion
      IPython
Complex numbers
      Complex arithmetics in Python
      Complex functions in Python
      Unified treatment of complex and real functions
Symbolic computing
      Basic differentiation and integration
      Equation solving
      Taylor series and more
Summary
      Chapter topics
      Example: Trajectory of a ball
      About typesetting conventions in this book
Exercises
      Exercise 1: Compute 1+1
      Exercise 2: Write a Hello World program
      Exercise 3: Derive and compute a formula
      Exercise 4: Convert from meters to British length units
      Exercise 5: Compute the mass of various substances
      Exercise 6: Compute the growth of money in a bank
      Exercise 7: Find error(s) in a program
      Exercise 8: Type in program text
      Exercise 9: Type in programs and debug them
      Exercise 10: Evaluate a Gaussian function
      Exercise 11: Compute the air resistance on a football
      Exercise 12: How to cook the perfect egg
      Exercise 13: Derive the trajectory of a ball
      Exercise 14: Find errors in the coding of formulas
      Exercise 15: Explain why a program does not work
      Exercise 16: Find errors in Python statements
      Exercise 17: Find errors in the coding of a formula
      Exercise 18: Find errors in a program
References

Our first examples on computer programming involve programs that evaluate mathematical formulas. You will learn how to write and run a Python program, how to work with variables, how to compute with mathematical functions such as \( e^x \) and \( \sin x \), and how to use Python for interactive calculations.

We assume that you are somewhat familiar with computers so that you know what files and folders are (another frequent word for folder is directory), how you move between folders, how you change file and folder names, and how you write text and save it in a file.

All the program examples associated with this document can be downloaded as a tarfile or zipfile from the web page http://hplgit.github.com/scipro-primer. I strongly recommend you to visit this page, download and pack out the files. The examples are organized in a folder tree with src as root. Each subfolder corresponds to a particular chapter. For example, the subfolder formulas contains the program examples associated with this first chapter. The relevant subfolder name is listed at the beginning of every chapter.

The folder structure with example programs can also be directly accessed in a GitHub repository on the web. You can click on the formulas folder to see all the examples from the present chapter. Clicking on a filename shows a nicely typeset version of the file. The file can be downloaded by first clicking Raw to get the plain text version of the file, and then right-clicking in the web page and choosing Save As....